| Stay on stores | Lowest operational change | Store fees, mediated relationship, limited lifecycle control |
| Build internally | Full control over the rail and subscriber experience | Cross-functional delivery burden, policy nuance, support edge cases, and no proven migration operating model |
| Billing platforms | Payment primitives, checkout, subscriptions, refunds, reporting | They give you the rail, but not the migration program or ongoing subscriber decisioning |
| Paywall and subscription tools | In-app conversion, entitlement tooling, experiments, analytics | Strong inside the app; less suited to managed out-of-app migration and web-book operation |
| Lifecycle and CRM tools | Messaging, segmentation, automation | They can contact subscribers, but usually do not close the loop through billing, access, cohort reporting, and finance outcomes |
| Recurr | Managed migration plus the Oikos operating layer for the connected web book | Requires executive commitment to make web billing a strategic rail |